Vaccine Standard
Operational Procedure
Vaccine Handling and Storage
For all vaccines:
·
Vaccine should arrive with
cool packs in a well-insulated box.
·
If vaccine arrives hot, call
manufacturer or distributor.
·
Storage temperature = 35-45º
F (2-8º C).
·
Avoid freezing, extreme
heating and intense light.
•
For Live Vaccines:
·
Transport to farm in cooler
with ice packs to keep temperature constant.
·
Mix with diluent
(reconstitute) just before application.
•
For Inactivated Vaccines:
·
Remove 24 hours prior to
vaccinating so that the product can warm to room temperature.
·
Also, can use warm water
bath–do not exceed 100º F for more than 5 hours .
·
Do not leave bottles in
direct sunlight during transport to farm.
·
Gently agitate bottles
thoroughly prior to use.
•
Inactivated vaccines are especially susceptible to temperature
extremes or poor handling. These
products are typically in an oil emulsion and mishandling these products can
result in disruption of the emulsion known as a broken emulsion. To test the product to see if the emulsion is
broken: shake the bottle vigorously for 2 minutes. Let bottle rest for 5
minutes. If separation persists, do not use that bottle.
Vaccination
Method :
On-Feed Spray
Drinking water
Eye-drop
Wing-web
puncture
Subcutaneous
injection (sc)
Intramuscular
injection (im)
Spray Vaccination (On Feed Spray)
In
many areas, chicks are vaccinated with live vaccines using a spray cabinet that
administers a defined amount of water-borne vaccine to chicks feed. The droplet size is carefully
controlled and vaccination can be visualized on the chicks as either moisture
or dye. This method is typically used for live coccidiosis vaccines.
Important
points for coccidiosis vaccination by Backpack Sprayer :
Coccidiosis vaccines must be stirred or agitated gently
continuously to insure that the oocysts stay in suspension. If oocysts are
allowed to settle to the bottom, significant variation will occur in the actual
oocyst dose delivered.
Coccidiosis vaccines are generally delivered with a fan pattern.
Coccidiosis vaccines utilize a larger droplet size .
After vaccination,ensure feed surface is eat by chicks.
Personnel
Always
use at least three people to vaccinate. Broilers may require up to four people
for proper vaccination. A designated vaccination crew is preferred. The flock
service vet should be present if possible when a flock is vaccinated.
Equipment
Two
to three backpack sprayers.
Vaccine
storage - Insulated cooler with ice or cold packs.
Distilled
water for mixing.
Before Vaccination
Try
first with Distilled water
Observe
spray particle size and pattern. The particle size for young chicks should be
80 to 120 microns and for other birds, between 30-60 microns.
The
sprayer must be used for vaccination only (never for pesticides, herbicides, or
disinfectants).
Wear
gloves, mask and safety glasses during preparation and vaccine administration.
Vaccine Mixing
Mix
the vaccine on the farm, just prior to vaccinating each house.
Use
clean, non-chlorinated water or water that has had vaccine stabilizer added.
Distilled water is ideal. Water should be no warmer than 80° F (27º C) and
probably no cooler than 60° F (16º C) although the cool side is less critical,
as long as it is not freezing.
Dissolve
the vaccine in the vaccine bottle using distilled water, and then add the
vaccine to the water in the sprayer tank. Rinse the vaccine bottle(s)
thoroughly; otherwise up to 15% of the vaccine may be lost. Follow Vaccine
usage instruction for water and vaccine ratio.
Shake
the tanks on the sprayer to allow the vaccine to be mixed thoroughly.
Vaccinators
do spraying walk slowly to all of feed boxes until vaccine running out
IMPORTANT:
mix only enough vaccine to vaccinate one house.
Record the serial number and expiration date for the vaccines used.
House Preparation
Ensure
chicks are comfortable, has a proper brooding.
Vaccinating
will do early in the morning.
Sprayer Maintenance
Thoroughly rinse the tank with one gallon of distilled water at the
end of each day or if changing vaccines.
Clean the outside of the sprayer using a damp cloth and a mild
detergent.
Rinse the tank and pump thoroughly by spraying distilled water
through the sprayer after
using the bleach solution.
Replace sprayer if needed.
Drinking Water/Water vaccination
Utilizing
the drinking water systems in poultry housing is a common method to administer
live vaccines. Birds must be water restricted for approximately one hour to
insure all birds are ready to drink once the vaccine is administered.
Water
consumption is an important variable to calculate so that the correct amount of
water can be used to mix with the vaccine.
To obtain this see water consumption through a water meter. Calculate the average water consumption from the last
4days, in order to obtain the amount of water used.
Before Vaccination
Always
administer the Water vaccine on the day the birds are fed.
All
medication, disinfectants and chlorine must be removed from the drinking water
48 hours before vaccination.
Water
withdrawal prior to vaccine administration:
• 30
to 60 minutes in hot climates
• 60
to 90 minutes in cool climates
Always
administer the vaccine in the water early in the morning.
Sufficient drinker space is
required to allow free access to the vaccine solution.
Vaccine Preparation
The addition of dye stabilizer product or skim milk powder to the
water 20-30 minutes prior to adding the vaccine. Add the skim milk powder at
the rate of 1lb/50 gal (500 g/200 L).
Put several ice cubes on the water tank.
Open the vaccine vial by removing the aluminum seal and the rubber
stopper. Using the water that will be used in the vaccination, fill the vial
approximately 2/3 full. Close the vial with the rubber stopper and gently
agitate in order to reconstitute the lyophilized vaccine. Rinse the vaccine
vials several times to remove all the vaccine.
Use a graduated plastic bucket and than from that vaccine directly
put in the water tank.
Mix with the vaccination and the stock solution after adding
vaccine stabilizer, following manufacturer’s directions.
Stir and mix using a plastic stick or other clean utensil.
Vaccine Administration
Pour
the reconstituted vaccine into the tank and open the valve of the water tank.
Walk
the birds to checking if vaccine is reaching the end of the water pipe line.
Note
that the birds must drink all the vaccine solution in no more than two hours,
and never in less than 1 hour.
Post Vaccination
All
medication, disinfectants and chlorine must be suspended from the drinking
water until 24 hours after vaccination.
Recording
Eye Drop
Vaccine Mixing
Confirm that the vaccine to be administered by eye drop is
approved and manufactured for eye drop application. Serious issues may occur if
the wrong vaccines are eye dropped.
Open the vaccine vial and the diluents bottle, removing the
aluminum seals and the rubber stopper. At the time of vaccine reconstitution,
the diluents’ temperature must be between 2º and 8º C (36º to 45º F).
Open the diluent bottle and, using a syringe, remove 3 ml of diluent,
inject into the lyophilized vaccine vial.
Rinse the vaccine vials several times with diluent in order to
remove any residues.
Slowly shake the diluent bottle with the already reconstituted
vaccine, without shaking vigorously.
Vaccine Administration
The vaccination will only be considered successful if the drop
(0.03 ml) is placed into the eye or nasal cavity and absorbed. For this to
occur, it is important to wait a few seconds after administering the drop,
before releasing the bird. If the drop is not totally absorbed, a new drop
should be administered.
To prevent the contents of the vaccine vial from getting warm
against the hands of the vaccinator, divide the contents of the reconstituted
vaccine into two or three empty vials, and alternate their use while keeping
the others in a cooler with ice.
Post Vaccination
Check the number of doses used versus the number of birds
vaccinated.
Record all information regarding the vaccination as well as any
problems that may
occur with the birds or the vaccination process.
Wing-web Vaccination/Puncture
This route is commonly used
for Fowl Pox, Avian Encephalomielitis, Chicken Anemia and Live Fowl Cholera.
Vaccine Preparation
The preparation of this vaccine is similar to that of the eye-drop
vaccine. The vaccine is lyophilized and must be reconstituted in the same
manner as other vaccines.
Only use the specific diluent which comes packaged with the
vaccine.
Shake the vaccine vials carefully, turning the vial from one side
to the other without tapping.
Vaccine Administration
Administer the vaccine in the center of the wing web, using a
two-pronged needle applicator or other wing web applicator (Grant innoculator
or others).
Remove the feathers located on the wing web before exposing it for
vaccination.
Dip the two-pronged applicator into the diluted vaccine and pierce
the web on the underside of the wing, avoiding feathers, blood vessels and
bones.
Change the needle every 500 birds. The used needles can be
disinfected and used again as long as they remain sharpened.
If during the application the wing vein is punctured, immediately
change the needle and repeat vaccination.
Post Vaccination
7 to
10 days after vaccination, check for “vaccine takes”. Check at least 50 birds
per house. Please refer to Vaccination Quality Control section for examples.
Record all information regarding the vaccination as well as any
problems that may
occur with the birds or the vaccination process.
Injection Vaccine
Injectable
vaccines must be manually injected into each bird using an 18 gauge by 1/4”
needle.
There
are two major injection methods in avian species to allow suitable vaccination:
Intramuscular
(IM) – into the muscle
Subcutaneous
(SC) – under the skin
When
selecting the injection site, consideration should be given to ease of application,
reaction at the injection site and human safety. Comparisons should be made to
decide which injection site gives the best result in an individual operation.
Crew Safety
Accidental
human injection with oil emulsion products is a serious potential danger when
injecting this group of products. When this occurs, immediate medical attention
should be administered to the injured personnel. When these products are
injected into the hands or fingers, they can alter circulation leading to
severe injury. Immediate treatment will involve removing the oil emulsified
product to improve healing in the affected area. This should be done by a
qualified medical professional.
Proper
injection technique and bird handling will reduce the potential for human injection
to occur. Bird handlers have an important responsibility to present the birds
for injection at the proper angle for the chosen site of injection. If the
syringe operator has to struggle to reach the site of injection, the chance for
misapplication and accidental injection is much higher.
Injectable Vaccines
Before Vaccination
Remove
the vaccine from the refrigerator and leave at room temperature for at least 12
hours in order to reduce the viscosity of the chilled mineral oil, thus making
the administration easier and preventing intense local reactions.
Oil
emulsion vaccines can also be warmed using a warm water bath prior to injection
do not exceed 100° F (37° C) for more than 5 hours.
Gently
agitate the vaccine container before and during the vaccination process to homogenize
the contents.
Vaccine Administration
Administer the
vaccine by using only the labeled dose at the chosen site of injection.
Needles should
be regularly replaced, at least once every 500 birds.
Make
sure that there is no air in the tube when the vaccine is administered.
Neck (SC)
The skin on the back of the neck should be lifted up to create a
pocket between the skin and neck muscles. Insert the needle through the skin
into this pocket with the needle pointing toward the bird’s body. The site of
injection should be the middle to lower neck region on the dorsal mid line of
the neck. There will be resistance as the needle passes through the skin followed
by free movement into the SC space. If this difference is not noticed or is
followed by resistance again, the needle may be in the skin, the neck muscle or
the spinal cord. Avoid injecting vaccine into the neck muscles, intradermally
or too close to the head. Once the needle is in the SC space, a full dose of
vaccine is injected before retraction. Early retraction of the needle will
result in birds receiving a partial dose.
Breast (IM)
Vaccine is injected into the superficial pectoral muscle about 1
to 1.5 inches (3 to 5 cm) lateral to the keel bone, depending on the age of the
bird. The needle should be directed caudally at a 45º angle to the body. This
will help avoid injecting the vaccine through the muscle and into the body
cavity.
Post Vaccination
Record
vaccine information and any problems that may occur regarding the birds or the
vaccination process.
After
vaccination, all needles, syringes and plastic tubes must be washed prior to sterilization.
Sterilize all
equipment which will be used in the vaccination, using autoclave, alcohol or
boiling water.
Medicate
Poultry
Drugs treatment in chickens can be given in the form of feed mixtures,
or mixed in
drinking water or direct administration to chickens such as injection
of antibiotic. Drugs administration through the feed may be
antibiotics, antifungal, antitoxin, anti-parasitic etc.
Drugs used are usually accompanied by its use of
information. always use this information to avoid errors in drug administration in chickens
Each drug administration
should be recorded so that it can be detected when the drug is problematic.
Make sure the drugs are given in
good condition and does not contradict or reinforce
each other in their function
if using more than one drugs or more
On the use of
drugs via drinking water, always rinse the
tank after drug
administration. On the use of
the drug directly to the chicken like injection, be sure to use clean needles
from germs
For first 20 days chick in farm, follow 20 days Flock Heath Program, after
20 days, medication will follow the heath status of the flock.
Monitoring Health Status
Monitoring the health of chickens is very important
in connection with the quick action to reduce losses due to death
of chickens due to illness
Monitoring conducted
on the farm everyday
in the daily recording
format. The presence of abnormal amount
of feed eaten or the amount of water that drink by chicken can be used as
a early marker.
Every day should be made direct observation of the
chicken, is there are any abnormalities in chickens or not. A healthy chicken will look active,
chicken feathers are not visibly soiled, the position of wing and tail not in down
position, look no difficulty in
breathing, no movement disorders in chickens.
In addition to
the earlier observations, chicken
manure should also be noted. The presence of blood, excessive white
or green color
can be a sign of
the presence of a disease
If abnormalities are found, report it immediately to the
manager, and perform preventive measures to deal
with the abnormalities found.
Storage of vaccines and
medication
Acceptance of drug and vaccine
should have a complete
document and the condition of the
goods must be in good condition.
particular vaccine should be in a closed cold
packs. Information items obtained immediately inserted
into the data warehouse system.
Each item is
entered should be used before the 3-month period expired goods
Store the goods
in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions that issued the goods. vaccine storage
at a temperature of 2-8 Celsius. For some
types of medicines can be stored at room temperature.
The first incoming
goods are goods that first came out.
Storage areas should be protected from
direct sunlight
Storage of goods in particular vaccine should be equipped with alarms to
temperature changes
Expenditures must
be accompanied by documents and immediately enter data such goods
out
Do regular inspections
at least once a
week to match the
existing goods and goods data are recorded
Have a pet dog and cat are very exciting. These pets can be a friend who is not boring because they're not too concerned with how your physical shape, even when you are in the most difficult circumstances they will remain happy even near you.to ensure your dog healthy from dangerous diseases. Your dog should get adequate care, exercise, good diet is also periodic checks to practice veterinarian, you should also pay attention to your dog's vaccines. The following will be explained at least a vaccine can be given to dogs and cats, especially in Indonesia.
